水文地质学基础词汇

Glossary of Basic Hydrogeology

编辑：肖长来 参加：兰盈盈，郑佳

absorption coefficient	吸附系数	A measure of the amount of radiant energy, incident normal to a planar surface, that is absorbed per unit distance or unit mass of a substance.
accumulation (glacial)	堆积	All processes, which include snowfall, condensation, avalanching, snow transport by wind, and freezing of liquid water, that add snow or ice to a glacier, floating ice, or snow cover. The term also includes the amount of snow or other solid precipitation added to a glacier or snowfield by these processes.
acid rain	酸雨	the acidic rainfall which results when rain combines with sulfur oxides emissions from combustion of fossil fuels.
acidity profile	酸度剖面	The acid concentration in ice core layers as a function of depth as determined from electrical measurements. The magnitudes of some volcanic eruptions in the Northern Hemisphere have been estimated from the acidity of annual layers in ice cores taken in Greenland. This methodology is sometimes referred to as acidity signal or acidity record.
adhesion	内聚力	the molecular attraction asserted between the surfaces of bodies in contact. Compare cohesion
adsorption	吸附	the adhesion of a substance to the surface of a solid or liquid. Adsorption is often used to extract pollutants by causing them to be attached to such adsorbents as activated carbon or silica gel. Hydrophobic, or water-repulsing adsorbents, are used to extract oil from waterways in oil spills.
advance time [irrigation]	行进时间	Time required for a given stream of irrigation water to move from the upper end of a field to the lower end of the field.
advection	水平对流	The predominately horizontal large-scale movement of air that causes changes in temperature or other physical properties. In oceanography, advection is the horizontal or vertical flow of sea water as a current.
aeration	曝气	the mixing or turbulent exposure of water to air and oxgen to dissipate volatile contaminants and other pollutants into the air.
aeration zone	包气带	(also known as the unsaturated zone):The zone above the water table is known as the aeration zone.
aerosol	悬浮质	Particulate material, other than water or ice, in the atmosphere ranging in size from approximately 10x-3 to larger than 10x2 磎 in radius. Aerosols are important in the atmosphere as nuclei for the condensation of water droplets and ice crystals, as participants in various chemical cycles, and as absorbers and scatterers of solar radiation, thereby influencing the radiation budget of the earth-atmosphere system, which in turn influences the climate on the surface of the Earth.
aggressive water	侵蚀性水	water which is soft and acidic and can corrode plumbing, piping, and appliances.
agriculture water use [water-use category]	农业用水	Composed of livestock, animal specialty, and irrigation water use.
alkalinity	碱度	the measurement of constituents in a water supply which determine alkaline conditions. The alkalinity of water is a measure of its capacity to neutralize acids. See pH.
alluvium	冲积物	Sediments deposited by flowing rivers. Depending upon the location in the floodplain of the river, different-sized sediments are deposited.
altithermal period	高温期	A period of high temperature, particularly the one from 8000 to 4000 B.P. (before the present era), which was apparently warmer in summers, as compared with the present, and with the precipitation zones shifted poleward. Also called the hypsithermal period.
anisotropy	各向异性	The condition under which one or more of the hydraulic properties of an aquifer vary according to the direction of flow.
antecedent moisture	前期降水量	The soil moisture present before a particular precipitation event.
aquaculture	水产业	farming of organisms that live in water, such as fish, shellfish, and algae.
aquaculture water use [water-use category]	水产用水	Water used for farming of organisms that live in water, such as fish, excluding fish hatcheries (commercial water use), shrimp, and other shellfish. Activities included in SIC code 0273. Subset of animal specialties water use.
aquatic	水生的	growing in, living in, or frequenting water.
aquiclude	隔水层	A unit of low permeability but is located so that it forms an upper or lower boundary to a groundwater flow system, now also called confining layer or leaky confining layer.
aquifer	含水层	a geologic formation that will yield water to a well in sufficient quantities to make the production of water from this formation feasible for beneficial use; permeable layers of underground rock or sand that hold or transmit groundwater below the water table.
aquifer [hydrology]	含水层	(1) A geologic formation, group of formations, or part of a formation that contains sufficient saturated permeable material to yield significant quantities of water to wells and springs (USGS); (2) A geologic formation, group of formations, or part of a formation having structures that permit appreciable water to move through them under ordinary field conditions (ASCE).
aquifer depletion [management]	含水层疏干	Condition of declining water levels within the aquifer's structure because natural recharging from surface water and precipitation is inadequate to maintain normal level. Can be caused by withdrawal rates exceeding recharge rates.
aquifer test	含水层试验	See pumping test
aquifer, confined	承压含水层	An aquifer that is overlain by a confining bed. The Confining bed has a significantly lower hydraulic conductivity than the aquifer.
aquifer, perched	上层滞水含水层	A region in the unsaturated zone where the soil may be locally saturated because it overlies a low-permeability unit.
aquifer, semi-confined	半承压含水层	An aquifer confined by a low-permeability layer that permits water to slowly flow through it. During pumping of the aquifer, recharge to the aquifer can occur across the confining layer. Also known as a leaky artesian or leaky confined aquifer.
aquifer, unconfined	非承压含水层	An aquifer in which there are no confining beds between the zone of saturation and the surface. There will be a water table in an unconfined aquifer. Water-table aquifer is a synonym.
aquifuge	不透水层	An absolutely impermeable unit that will not transmit any water.
aquitard	弱透水层	A layer of low permeability that can store groundwater and also transmit it slowly from one aquifer to another. Also named as leaky confinging layer.
artesian aquifer	自流含水层	An aquifer that contains water under pressure as a result of hydrostatic head. For artesian conditions to exist, an aquifer must be overlain by a confining material and receive a supply of water. The free water surface stands at a higher elevation than the top of the confining layer thus if the aquifer is tapped by a well, the water in the well will rise above the level of the aquifer.
artesian well